A Brief History of Wicca and Its Origins
This article is not about how Wiccans are misunderstood, or how witchcraft isn’t “evil”, but merely worshiping nature. There are plenty of those articles already. Instead, this article deals with the most misunderstood facet of Wicca among its own followers – its history and origins.
It seems strange that those who have the deepest misconceptions about Wicca are the Wiccans themselves. Many believe that Wicca is a direct link to the ancient Celtic religion of pre-Christian days. Others believe that it was totally made up by a bunch of new-age hippies in the 20th Century. Both views have valid points, but neither is entirely correct.
Wicca began in a far different form than its current incarnation. Following the Christianization of the Celtic lands, and the destruction of the Druidic fellowship, many people were left wanting to hold to the old ways, but stripped of their spiritual guidance. These people paid lip service to the new faith, in order to avoid the same fate as those who openly refuted Christianity, but had precious little of their own heritage left to them.
To fill the void, a loose order of “Wise Ones” arose. These individuals, mostly village shamans and healers, preserved what little remained of the old ways as best they were able. Though often no two would agree on the exact methods of ceremonies, or the reasons behind them, it is through their heroic efforts, under threat of death for heresy from the Christian Church, that any remnant of the authentic Celtic culture has been passed down to us today. After all, written records were not an option at the time: neither were they available, nor were they safe for those doing the writing.
These Wise Ones passed on the ancient myths, legends, fables, and stories, from generation to generation, orally, and centuries went by. Sometimes the Wise Ones would band together for mutual protection. Occasionally, they would put their knowledge into practice, forming worship groups, keeping the faith they guarded alive. More often, though, the secrets they held remained hidden. Because of that, much of the knowledge that remains to the present has been altered by the interpretations, mistakes, and personal beliefs of those who have kept these secrets through all the long years. Bloodlines merged, along with their own versions of the histories, split apart, and sometimes vanished altogether. Information became distorted and lost. Yet, still the guardians carried on, through strife and inquisition, as best they were able. The truth, what remained of it, was hunted – and so were they.
In the early 20th Century, a number of unique factors combined that changed the nature of Western society. For one, Einstein’s Relativity was conclusively proven in 1919, with the solar eclipse over Brazil and Principe, giving rise to a new scientific revolution. The Great War had ended, and the stage was being set for the next one. The world was in an unusual limbo, and the grip of the Church, faltering since the Renaissance, finally gave way to independent thought amongst the “average” people.
In this strange time, where free thought amongst the masses was finally returning, some thought to explore the curiosities of the world around them. Some were bitter over the life they’d led under the Church’s spiritual tyranny, and thought to rebel. In England, these groups of people collided.
In 1921, famed Egyptologist Margaret Murray published The Witch Cult in Western Europe. The work led to an explosion of interest in what Murray researched and presented as “a survival of an ancient Pagan tradition.” It wasn’t until years later that Gerald Gardner (aka Scrire), a one-time Satanist, published his own books that formed modern Wicca.
Gardner combined what he’d learned from Murray and her authentic witches, what ancient tales that remained that he could lay his hands on, and bits and pieces from other philosophies and faiths to fill in the blanks.
Gardner’s works gave birth to the Neo-Pagan movement, of which modern Wicca is a part. For example, the concept of one God and one Goddess is not, technically speaking, a Celtic tradition, as the Celts had a whole pantheon of various divine beings. However, a case may be made that the ancients believed that all divinities were aspects of the same ‘one power’. Whether Gardner was aware of this obscure possibility, or was simply importing ideology from Plato is unclear.
Likewise, the notion of ‘four elements’ is Greek in origin. The Celts, along with the early Germans, Norse, and others, held that Fire was not an “element”, but a link between the three physical “elements” of Earth, Air, and Water, and the spirit realm.
Following Gardner, Wicca degenerated from a single cult-like melting-pot faith into a patchwork blanket of religio-philosophy. It seemed that everyone had an idea, and every idea had its followers. The growth of the various Wiccan belief systems continued until the mid 20th Century, when the very free-thinking “hippies” got their hands on it. From that point, Wicca exploded into a veritable cornucopia of nature-based faiths. From Faeries to the Four Winds, every aspect of ancient myth was drawn upon, regardless of the culture of origin, and a new faith was based on it.
Today, Wicca is not the same as the ancient traditions passed down from the Wise Ones of old. Though it carries many of the traditions, ceremonies, and even legends of the old religion, it is a New Age reinterpretation of what material was publicly available.
Despite that, and the various Neo-Pagan separatist faiths that Wicca has spawned, it is undeniable that Wicca is descendant from the remnant of the ancient Celtic beliefs. There has been a lot of evolution (or corruption/pollution, depending on your perspective), yet the core of Wicca ultimately comes down from that one primary source. Were it not for the acts of the Wise Ones, preserving what little remained, and inspiring others, there can be no doubt that some form of New Age Aquarian-ish faith would have taken shape – but it is unlikely that it would resemble anything so beautiful, if confused and diverse, as the Wicca we have today.
Though it would be, technically, incorrect to say that the Wise Ones of old were “Wiccan”, or even the Witch-cults Murray researched for her books, the name remains, and is applied, justifiably, to link the entire lineage together, to promote the values of individual truth above and beyond doctrine and dogma that sustained all those believers from that day to this, and, most of all, to honor all those who have suffered, burned, and died for putting “Faith” above “Religion”. In that way, more than any other, Wicca is the same today as it was when the Celts were still Celts.
Wicca is, ultimately, a return to the dominance of soul over scripture. In that way, Wicca is the Way of the Wise Ones.